For each term below, contribute a unique idea (a definition, an example, an image, a video, a link to a relevant article or other web source, or other media) that helps us understand the term/concept. Be sure your contribution relates to the psychological connotation of the term if it has multiple connotations.
Put 4 ~ next to your contribution so we know who added it. - tgalvez Dec 8, 2009
Part of the limbic systen that is responsible for our feelings of fear. - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Plays a role in the storage of emotional memories. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Bottom-up Processing
bottom-up processing is the idea that we form perceptions that are an exact replication of some objective outside world. for instance, in theories of vision, a bottom-up approach would claim that in order to form a percept of a cat for instance we basically have an internal "Polaroid picture" of a cat in our head. these theories then have to go to on explain how the percepts in our head are formed to match this objective outside world;
Perceptions or interpretations that are developed and determined through our senses rather than our expectations;
The idea that information input to the mind come from the sensory system (Textbook). - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Bottom-up processing, also known as "small chunk" processing, suggests that we perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds. - Chris_Lassman Apr 14, 2010
Chunking
Combining bits of similar information into a larger unit that can be remembered as a single chunk of information. - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Cognition
Cognition is based on one's mental representations of the worlds, such as images, words, and concepts. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning. - linjaime Feb 8, 2010
Distortions
(in context of memory)
Mistakes in memory, or false memories. Can result from the brain filling in black spaces in schemas. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Emotional Memory
Part of implicit memory; not well understood, but it may be formed via the limbic system and that even they may persist even when brain damage has destroyed other memories. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Emotion-focused Coping
Aims to control the emotional response of a stressful situaion rather than changing a problematic situation. - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Episodic Memory
Part of explicit memory; deals with personal experiences. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Explicit Memory
(also known as declarative memory) Long-term Memory that deals of fact based information. We are consciously aware of this information. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
False Memories
False memories are distorted memories, caused because it is hard to distinguish between what has been experienced and whas been after an event/experience. Memory is reconstructive and is subject to distortions. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Fight or Flight
The coordinated physical changes we experience in face of threat. The physical changes prepare us for action, either to escape the threat or to fight it. It is usually a subconscious process by which the decision of what to do is made based on previous experiences. - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Primes the body to either flee or fight in a threating situation, it is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system - Chris_Lassman Apr 14, 2010
Flashbulb Memory
A vivid and detailed memory of a momentous event that sparked a highly emotional response in the individual. Suggested by Brown and Kulik (1977) - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Hippocampus
Area of the brain that forms explicit memories. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Implicit Memory
(part of long-term memory) Deals with memories that we are not consciously aware of. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010 Mental Representations
A mental representation is what we interpret from what we already know, which also forms our schemas. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Multi-store Model of Memory
A basic structure of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1986) and it is assumed that 1) memory consists of a number of separate stores and that 2) memory processes are sequential. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
One has to be paying attention to the information in order to remember it.
Coding
Some sort of form given to the information so that one can remember it.
Rehearsal
Keeping the material memorized active by repeating it until it can be stored.
Sensory Memory
The form of memory when one first comes in contact with the experience. Information is taken in via the five senses and stays in this storage for only a few seconds. Only a small part of this memory will be stored as a part of the STM.
Short-term Memory: Memory that only lasts a short time.
- Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Memory that only lasts 6-12 seconds and information must be rehearsed in order for it to be stored as part of LTM.
Long-term Memory: Memory that lasts a long time.
- Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Unlimited capacity of memory storage which stores information for a lifetime. In most cases, details are not remembered, but rather, the brain remembers a basic outline. Memories in this storage are easily distorted.
Perception
The cognitive process that interprets and organizes information from the senses to produce some meaningful experience of the world. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Problem-focused Coping
One strategy used in stressful situations which is aimed to change the problematic situation that causes emotional stress. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Procedural Memory
Part of implicit memory; the non-conscious memory for skills, habits, and actions. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Reconstructive Memory
Memory is said to have a reconstructive nature, which refers to the brain's active processing of information to make sense of the world. Memories can be influenced by many factors to cause it to be unreliable, because it is reconstructive. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Repression
Conflicts, dangerous memories become repressed (pushed out of consciousness) when they become too overwhelming, intense, or anxiety-provoking. (refer to p81) Sigmund Freud suggested that forgetting events was caused by repression. - sakujun_marylu Apr 13, 2010
Schema/Schema Theory
Schema: A mental representation of knowledge. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Schema Theory: A cognitive theory about information processing (we process information with schemas) - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Encoding: transforming sensory information into a meaningful memory
Part of explicit memory; deals with general knowledge. - Azthic Feb 8, 2010
Social Comparison Theory
Based on the idea that people learn about and asses themselves by comparison with others. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Stereotyping
Fixed ideas about people (ethnicities, genders, etc). People who stereotype may be more prone to discriminate. Stereotyping is an example of how people think about themselves affect how they behave. - vkung Apr 14, 2010 Top-down Processing In many situations, your knowledge or expectations will influence perception. This is called schema-driven or top-down processing; Top-down processing theories stress the role of interpretation and prior experience in the formation of perceptions. For instance, a top-down approach would say that your internal representation of a cat would be different depending on your prior experience with animals. This approach also does not necessitate a belief in an objective outside world the same way a bottom-up approach does;Perceptions or interpretations that are developed and determined through our expectations/schemas rather than our senses.- vkung Apr 14, 2010
Working Memory Model
Based on the multi-store model, but states that STM is a single store that includes several components, whereas the multi-store model only include one. - vkung Apr 14, 2010
Put 4 ~ next to your contribution so we know who added it. -
Table of Contents
Amygdala
Part of the limbic systen that is responsible for our feelings of fear.-
Plays a role in the storage of emotional memories.
-
Bottom-up Processing
bottom-up processing is the idea that we form perceptions that are an exact replication of some objective outside world. for instance, in theories of vision, a bottom-up approach would claim that in order to form a percept of a cat for instance we basically have an internal "Polaroid picture" of a cat in our head. these theories then have to go to on explain how the percepts in our head are formed to match this objective outside world;Perceptions or interpretations that are developed and determined through our senses rather than our expectations;
The idea that information input to the mind come from the sensory system (Textbook).
-
Bottom-up processing, also known as "small chunk" processing, suggests that we perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
-
Chunking
Combining bits of similar information into a larger unit that can be remembered as a single chunk of information.-
Cognition
Cognition is based on one's mental representations of the worlds, such as images, words, and concepts.-
The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning.
-
Distortions
(in context of memory)Mistakes in memory, or false memories. Can result from the brain filling in black spaces in schemas.
-
Emotional Memory
Part of implicit memory; not well understood, but it may be formed via the limbic system and that even they may persist even when brain damage has destroyed other memories.-
Emotion-focused Coping
Aims to control the emotional response of a stressful situaion rather than changing a problematic situation.-
Episodic Memory
Part of explicit memory; deals with personal experiences.-
Explicit Memory
(also known as declarative memory) Long-term Memory that deals of fact based information. We are consciously aware of this information.-
False Memories
False memories are distorted memories, caused because it is hard to distinguish between what has been experienced and whas been after an event/experience. Memory is reconstructive and is subject to distortions.-
Fight or Flight
The coordinated physical changes we experience in face of threat. The physical changes prepare us for action, either to escape the threat or to fight it. It is usually a subconscious process by which the decision of what to do is made based on previous experiences.-
Primes the body to either flee or fight in a threating situation, it is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system -
Flashbulb Memory
A vivid and detailed memory of a momentous event that sparked a highly emotional response in the individual. Suggested by Brown and Kulik (1977)-
Hippocampus
Area of the brain that forms explicit memories.-
Implicit Memory
(part of long-term memory) Deals with memories that we are not consciously aware of.-
Mental Representations
A mental representation is what we interpret from what we already know, which also forms our schemas.
-
Multi-store Model of Memory
A basic structure of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1986) and it is assumed that 1) memory consists of a number of separate stores and that 2) memory processes are sequential.-
-
One has to be paying attention to the information in order to remember it.Attention
Some sort of form given to the information so that one can remember it.Coding
Keeping the material memorized active by repeating it until it can be stored.Rehearsal
The form of memory when one first comes in contact with the experience. Information is taken in via the five senses and stays in this storage for only a few seconds. Only a small part of this memory will be stored as a part of the STM.Sensory Memory
-Short-term Memory: Memory that only lasts a short time.
Memory that only lasts 6-12 seconds and information must be rehearsed in order for it to be stored as part of LTM.
-Long-term Memory: Memory that lasts a long time.
Unlimited capacity of memory storage which stores information for a lifetime. In most cases, details are not remembered, but rather, the brain remembers a basic outline. Memories in this storage are easily distorted.
Perception
The cognitive process that interprets and organizes information from the senses to produce some meaningful experience of the world. -
Problem-focused Coping
One strategy used in stressful situations which is aimed to change the problematic situation that causes emotional stress.-
Procedural Memory
Part of implicit memory; the non-conscious memory for skills, habits, and actions.-
Reconstructive Memory
Memory is said to have a reconstructive nature, which refers to the brain's active processing of information to make sense of the world. Memories can be influenced by many factors to cause it to be unreliable, because it is reconstructive.-
Repression
Conflicts, dangerous memories become repressed (pushed out of consciousness) when they become too overwhelming, intense, or anxiety-provoking. (refer to p81) Sigmund Freud suggested that forgetting events was caused by repression.-
Schema/Schema Theory
Schema: A mental representation of knowledge.-
Schema Theory: A cognitive theory about information processing (we process information with schemas)
-
-Encoding: transforming sensory information into a meaningful memory
-Storage: creating a biological trace of the encoded information in memory, which is either consolidated or lost.
-Retrieval: using the stored information.
Semantic Memory
Part of explicit memory; deals with general knowledge.-
Social Comparison Theory
Based on the idea that people learn about and asses themselves by comparison with others.-
Stereotyping
Fixed ideas about people (ethnicities, genders, etc). People who stereotype may be more prone to discriminate. Stereotyping is an example of how people think about themselves affect how they behave.-
Top-down Processing
In many situations, your knowledge or expectations will influence perception. This is called schema-driven or top-down processing; Top-down processing theories stress the role of interpretation and prior experience in the formation of perceptions. For instance, a top-down approach would say that your internal representation of a cat would be different depending on your prior experience with animals. This approach also does not necessitate a belief in an objective outside world the same way a bottom-up approach does; Perceptions or interpretations that are developed and determined through our expectations/schemas rather than our senses. -
Working Memory Model
Based on the multi-store model, but states that STM is a single store that includes several components, whereas the multi-store model only include one. -